Experimental studies have linked environmental stressors and inbreeding to the level of FA in bilateral structures of rodents and flies. Most FA studies have focused on elucidating the environmental causes, although there is also evidence suggesting that FA is heritable. Therefore, studies typically use fluctuating asymmetry (FA) as a measure of individual or population-level fitness, calculated as the random deviations from perfect symmetry or from population-specific patterns of directional asymmetry (DA). As both sides of bilaterally symmetric faces share the same genotype, it is expected that they will exhibit the same phenotype, except when individuals experience instability during development. An examination of temporal trends shows that stress-induced developmental instability has increased over the last 100 years in these endangered apes.įacial symmetry is widely regarded as a reliable indicator of attractiveness and reproductive success in humans, while asymmetry is often used as a measure of early life stress. Facial asymmetry correlates neither with tooth wear asymmetry nor increases with age in a mountain gorilla subsample, undermining the hypothesis that facial asymmetry is driven by chewing side preference. DA, while significant in all three taxa, explains relatively less shape variation than FA does. Mountain gorillas, with a current population size of about 1000 individuals, have the highest degree of facial FA (explaining 17% of total facial shape variation), followed by Grauer gorillas (9%) and western lowland gorillas (6%), despite the latter experiencing the greatest ecological and dietary variability. We measure fluctuating asymmetry (FA), defined as random deviations from perfect symmetry, and population-specific patterns of directional asymmetry (DA). Here, we examine facial asymmetry in 114 crania from three Gorilla subspecies using 3D geometric morphometrics. However, asymmetry has also been linked to environmental and genetic stress in experimental models. As mountain gorilla skeletal material accumulated during the 1970s, researchers noted their pronounced facial asymmetry and hypothesized that it reflects a population-wide chewing side preference. Mountain gorillas are particularly inbred compared to other gorillas and even the most inbred human populations. McFarlin, Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing,Īnd Yann Heuzé, Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & editing Tocheri, Data curation, Resources, Writing – review & editing, Kirsten Gilardi, Data curation, Resources, Writing – review & editing,Ĭhantal Shalukoma, Data curation, Resources, Writing – review & editing,Įmmanuel de Merode, Data curation, Resources, Writing – review & editing,Įmmanuel Gilissen, Data curation, Resources, Writing – review & editing, Cranfield, Data curation, Resources, Writing – review & editing, Stoinski, Conceptualization, Data curation, Resources, Writing – review & editing, Richard Muvunyi, Data curation, Resources, Writing – review & editing, Keely Arbenz-Smith, Data curation, Resources, Writing – review & editing, Halszka Glowacka, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing, Fatica, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing, Massey, Data curation, Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing, Jordi Galbany, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing,Īida Gómez-Robles, Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing, Eriksen, Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing,ĭaniel García-Martínez, Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing, Kate McGrath, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing,Īmandine B.
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